G U
A C
A
A
A
A
G
G
G
G
C
C
C
C
U
U
U
U
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
P
S
U
nG
nG
oG
oG
oG
G
P
P
P
P
P
nM
nM
M
M
nM
nM
nM
Phenylalanine
Phe
Leucine
Leu
Leucine
Leu
Proline
Pro
Histidine
His
Glutamine
Gln
Isoleucine
Ile
Methionine
Met
Threonine
Thr
Asparagine
Asn
Lysine
Lys
Arginine
Arg
Arginine
Arg
Valine
Val
Alanine
Ala
Glutamic acid
Glu
Aspartic acid
Asp
Glycine
Gly
Serine
Ser
Serine
Ser
Tyrosine
Tyr
Cysteine
Cys
Tryptophan
Trp
Stops
Stop
E
G
F
L
S
S
Y
C
W
L
P
H
R
R
Q
I
M
T
N
K
V
A
D
89.09
75.07
174.20
174.20
146.19
165.19
133.11
117.15
147.13
146.15
155.16
115.13
105.09
105.09
131.18
132.12
MW = 149.21 Da
131.18
119.12
204.23
131.18
181.19
121.16
HN
NH
2
NH
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
C
H
3
OH
O
H
2
N
O
H
2
N
OH
O
O
HO
H
2
N
OH
O
HS
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
O
NH
2
OH
O
O
OH
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
OH
O
NH
H
2
N
OH
O
N
C
H
3
C
H
3
H
2
N
OH
O
C
H
3
C
H
3
H
2
N
OH
O
C
H
3
C
H
3
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
H
2
N
OH
O
C
H
3
S
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
OH
O
NH
OH
O
H
2
N
HO
OH
O
H
2
N
HO
OH
O
H
2
N
HO
C
H
3
OH
O
NH
H
2
N
OH
O
HO
H
2
N
OH
O
H
2
N
C
H
3
C
H
3
OH
O
Basic
Acidic
Polar
Nonpolar
(hydrophobic)
S -
M -
P -
U -
nM -
oG -
nG -
Sumo
Methyl
Phospho
Ubiquitin
N-Methyl
O-glycosyl
N-glycosyl
Modification
amino acid
2
nd
1
st
position
3
rd
How to Use This Chart:
This chart will enable you to identify an amino acid from
a single codon. Begin in the center with the first nucleotide
of the codon and work your way out. For example, to translate
CAU, use the first position nucleotide (C) to identify the correct
quadrant of the center circle. Next, find the second position
nucleotide in the first ring surrounding the center (A), which is at
five o'clock. Finally, locate the third nucleotide (U) in the second
ring from the center (five o'clock). Follow the segment outward to
the next ring, where you will find the single-letter code for
the amino acid (H). By following the color-coded section
outward, you will find structural information and related
post-translational modifications.